"PUBLIC Sphere" is regarded as middle private place and superior sovereignty of government and is one of the tools for obtaining to democracy. Material PUBLIC space is among objective element related to PUBLIC Sphere that as outer reality covers the material aspect of PUBLIC Sphere. In Islamic RePUBLIC of Iran, the PLACES of worship -specialty mosques- are among obvious instances of PUBLIC physical spaces that may regard as mediator link for reducing gap between people and government and also a place for holding seminar among citizens and discussion concepts including: "PUBLIC Good" and "PUBLIC Interest" and prepares the suitable opportunity for religious democracy. The present article, reveals minimum approach prepared by government, self- control, administration of PUBLIC religious PLACES, self-tradition, self-religious issues and self-sovereignty of citizens. In fact, citizens as a result of PUBLIC space of worship, practice PUBLIC partnership in smaller scale for finally implementing it as their own democracy.

This article attempts to study the contexts, reasons and consequences of feeling insecurity among women in urban PUBLIC PLACES. The field of study is urban PUBLIC PLACES in Sanandaj. A sample is selected by theoretical purposes sampling and they were interviewed by way of deep individual interviews. The findings show that feeling insecurity among women in urban PUBLIC PLACES is due to causes like “structural tensions” and “sociofobia” as well as circumstances such as “violent PLACES” and “self representation”. Women also believe that their insecurity feelings are amplified by specific reasons and motivations visible in men words, behaviors and gestures. The most important of these reasons/motivations are: “appetence of relation” & “Frustration/aggression”. This Insecurity feeling of women has individual and collective consequences that made them to adopt “Precautionary actions”, such as secrecy and silence. These insecurity feelings are also visible in social level.

The right to taking photos in PUBLIC PLACES is acceptable on the basis of freedom of expression and the tacit consent of the owners of the image. Accordingly, individuals can take photos freely in these PLACES without obtaining permit. However, taking photos is allowed only if the privacy of individuals is protected. Because people can expect the normal and legitimate expectation of "remaining anonymous". People do not expect to be in the spotlight or have their actions recorded, even if they know they are in the PUBLIC eye. People like to be ignored when they are in a PUBLIC place. In addition, the image can be considered as an example of personal information. Basically, the collection of personal information requires consent. Therefore, privacy must be maintained in photography. The importance of this is that even if it is a news incident, it is still not possible to ignore privacy. With this interpretation, privacy is not limited to private PLACES and people in the PUBLIC environment also have privacy. The main criterion in having privacy will be a reasonable expectation of the person.

Background and Objective: Radon is a radioactive, odorless gas. Radon gas with the emission of alpha radiation and sticking to aerosols in the air can cause lung cancer. This study evaluated the concentration of radon in residential houses and PUBLIC PLACES in Firuzkuh city and compared the values with the recommended international guidelines. Materials and Methods: Radon gas concentration was measured by passive measurements using CR-39 detectors. The detectors were placed in houses and schools of the city for three months. After this time, the detectors were located and placed in a 6. 25% normal solution at 85 ° C for 4 hours in a laboratory. After preparation, using an automatic scan and appropriate statistical method, the concentration of radon gas was determined. Results: The results indicated that the average concentrations of radon gas in homes and PUBLIC PLACES were 137. 74 and 110. 17 Bq/m3, respectively. Comparing the results with the WHO guideline showed that 76. 3% of the homes and 66. 7% of the sites had a concentration above the guideline (100 Bq/m3). Conclusion: The results of this study can be used to prepare the National Radon gas map in the country.

Background & Aim: Cryptosporidium is zoonotic coccidian parasite that causes severe diarrhea in humans and animals worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the soil contamination rate with Cryptosporidium oocysts of different PUBLIC PLACES in Tabriz, west of Iran. Methods: In this cross sectional study, 260 soil samples were collected by stratified sampling from 20 parks, 20 primary schools, 20 kindergartens, 10 street gardens, 60 backyards and 2 bus terminals. Soil samples were investigated by flotation technique using sucrose solution and stained by the modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining method. Data were analyzed with chi-square test, and P-values less than 0. 05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Cryptosporidium oocysts were observed in 48 (18. 5%) out of 260 collected soil samples. No statistically difference was observed among the 10 regions with the Cryptosporidium contamination in examined PLACES in Tabriz city (p> 0. 05). The highest contamination rate was observed in street gardens and backyards (23. 3%) and the lowest rate was found in primary schools (12. 5%). Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, high contamination of soil with Cryptosporidium in Tabriz should be considered as a serious health problem, especially for children and immunocompromised patients. Taken together, soils from region 1 and 8 of Tabriz could be a potential source for Cryptosporidium infection.

Development of urbanization, communication, and transportation tourism has developed in a rapid way. Hence, security of tourists as well as other governmental planning must be in the agenda of the host country. The present study tries to investigate the role of PUBLIC PLACES police in maintaining the security of the pilgrims from different viewpoints.This is an applied field study.1402 authorities and managers of the pilgrims' settlement unites of Mashhad formed the statistical population from which 302 people were chosen randomly as the statistical sample of the study. Questionnaire was used to collect the required data. The findings of the study demonstrates that attending to the complaints, interaction with other organizations, and patrols are the most influential variables in maintaining the security of pilgrims.